Christians

1014 St. Henry II crowned by the Pope (Holy Roman Empire)

1024 John XIX Romanus: 142nd bishop of Rome. The Tusculan family "elected" him.

1032 Benedict IX Theophylact: 143rd bishop of Rome. His father, Alberic III was head of the Tusculan family and
controlled Benedict IX.

1045 Gregory VI: 145th bishop of Rome

1044 Revolution against Tusculan rule forces Benedict IX to leave Rome.

1053 Michael Cerularius shuts down all Roman Catholic churches in Constantinople.

1054 St. Leo IX excommunicates Michael Cerularius who in turn breaks the Eastern Orthodox Church completely
from the Roman Catholic Church

1075 St. Gregory VII: programme to eliminate lay investitures, aimed at appointments of Henry IV

1075 William the Conqueror: To Gregory VII

1076 Synod of Worms: To Gregory VII

1076 Henry IV: To Gregory VI desires Pope's abdication)

1077 St. Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV for lay investitures.

1077 Ruldolf of Swagia elected anti-king

1079 Pope Gregory VII: Celibacy of the priesthood decreed

1079 Pope Gregory VII forbids the Bible's translation into the languages of the people.

1080 Clement III [Guibert of Ravenna] becomes the 21st anti-pope. Henry IV, had plotted against St. Gregory VII
and supported Honorius II.

1084 Henry IV seises Rome, installs Clement III and is crowned by him, only to be forced to leave Rome by public outcry and the coming of the Norman army.

1085 Clement III returns to Rome with an anti-Gregorian Reform campaign and the support of some Cardinals.

1088 Urban II becomes Pope (c.1035-1099) Three difficulties with his pontificate were: the antipope; interference of secular princes; the simony and incontinence of the clergy.

1089 Council at Melfi: 16 canons against simony, lay investiture and clerical marriage

1099 Jerusalem taken from Muslims by the crusaders.