Christians

1147 Second Crusade Motivated by Bernard of Clairvaux and Eugene III

The goal of this Crusade was to retake Edessa from the Turks. Mistrust between Western Crusaders and Eastern guides led to decimation of Crusader army; the attempt to take Damascus failed.

1189-1192 Third Crusade Alexander III wanted to retake Jerusalem from Saladin and the Sacacens. Notable among participants were Fredrick Barbarossa who drowned, Philip Augustus who returned home and Richard I who captured Acre and Joppa, made a treaty with Saladin and was then captured and imprisoned in Austria on the way home.

1200-1204 Fourth Crusade Innocent III invaded Egypt in and attempt to undermine the Sacacen power. The Christian city of Zara was sacked to repay Venice for transportation. The Crusaders were excommunicated for the sacking of Zara and so went on to sack Constantinople.