Christians

Increase of Papal Domination: 1059-1216
Key Events:
1059: papal elections entrusted to College of Cardinals
1077: Henry IV humbled at Canossa
1095: Crusades begin
1122: Concordat of Worms
1215: Fourth Lateran Council
Characteristics: Hildebrandine reform greatly enhanced power of papacy. Lay investiture controversy reached its peak. Excommunication and interdict became potent weapons in papal arsenal. Papal power reached its zenith as Innocent III claims absolute spiritual and temporal authority.

Decline of Papal Domination: 1216-1309
Key Events:
1291: Fall of Acre, end of Crusades
1302: papal bull Unam Sanctum
1309: beginning of Babylonian Captivity; papacy moved to Avignon, France
Characteristics: Popes continued to make grandiose claims of temporal power but were less and less able to back them up. By the end of the period, the papacy fell completely under French domination.

1202 Fourth Crusade

1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople Church of Holy Wisdom

1208 Pope Innocent III: Interdict on England

1208 Crusade against the Albigenses after a Catholic missionary to them was murdered. The Albigenses were a revival of Gnosticism. Bloodshed became commonplace in Southern France. 15 thousand were murdered by the
Crusaders.

1208 St. Francis of Assisi completes rebuilding of San Damiano. In 1209 he goes on first Apostolic Mission with three followers: Bernard, Peter, and Silvester, this being the founding of the Order of Friers Minor (OFM).

1209 Otto crowned by the Pope

1210 Otto invades Sicily and is excommunicated by the Pope

1212 St. Francis institutes the Poor Clares, an order of Franciscan Nuns, called after Clare of Assisi.

1216 Dominican Order sanctioned by the Pope.

1217 Fifth Crusade

1218 Crusade against Moors in Spain

1223 Franciscan Order sanctioned by pope.

1223 The First Franciscan friars arrive in Britain.

1227 Sixth Crusade

1236 Cardinal Hugo de Sancto-Caro divides the Bible's books into chapters, still observed today in all translations

1248 Seventh Crusade--Louis IX of France

1255 Poor Clares founded by followers of St. Clare of Assisi

1256 Augustinian Hermits founded by the Pope.

1260 Apostolics sect founded at Parma, stressing evangelical poverty at odds with monks that wanted to maintain
possessions, condemned for this principle by Honorius IV in 1286

1272 Roger Bacon: Compendium of Philosophy

1274 St. Thomas Aquinas dies Dominican theologian, wrote: The Catechetical Instructions, Disputed Questions on the Soul, Disputed Questions on evil, On the Eternity of the World, On the Unity of the Intellect, On Separate
Substances, On Being and Essence. Wrote the Praise O Sion Sequence used in Mass at Corpus Christi. He taught that the idea for everything exists within the Mind of God and creation is God's continual revelation.

1277 Nicholas III: 185th bishop of Rome. He was the first pope to reside in the Vatican.

1290 King Edward I of England forces all Jews to leave