Christians
First Vatican Council: 1869-1870. Called by Pius IX. Papal Bull: Aeterni Patris. Central Focus: Papal infallibility. Major Decisions: Promulgated dogma of papal infallibility when speaking ex cathedra on matters of faith and morals.
Catholic Modernism
George Tyrrell (1861-1909). Oxford movement. Questioned the traditional teachings, was a Jesuit and was kicked out.
Friedrich von Hügel (1852-1925). In 1905 London society for study of religion.
Alfred Loisy (1857-1940) Jesus did not institute the mass
John Henry Newman (1801-1890)
A Tractarian leader and later Cardinal, Newman's ideals for Christian
religious education were set forth in his Idea of a University
(1852). Though unsuccessful in most of his undertakings with the
Roman Catholic Church, his genius has become more and more recognized
after this death, and much of his teachings on liberty of conscience,
the nature of Biblical inspiration and the role of the Episcopate
in the magisterium of the Church was top find official
expression in the Second Vatican Council. Canonized 1991.
Major 19th C Evangelical Social Reform
Movements
Abolition of Slavery: Results Achieved:
1861-1865: Civil War
1863: Emancipation Proclamation
1865: Thirteenth Amendment
1866: Fourteenth Amendment
Prohibition of Alcoholic Beverages: Results Achieved:
1846: Maine passed Prohibition Ordinance
1847-1855: Thirteen other states followed.
1919-1932: Prohibition Amendment in force.
Women's Rights:
Reform Organizations:
1848: Women's Rights Convention
1869: National Woman Suffrage Association
Results Achieved:
1821: "Female Seminary" founded in Troy, New York
1836: Mt. Holyoke College founded.
1861: Vassar College founded
1817: Suffrage to women granted by new York
1918: Fourteen other states followed
1920: Woman Suffrage Amendment
Major 19th Century American Cults
Mormons:
1830. Christ is divine, but not unique.
Adventists:
1844 and 1860. Orthodox.
Christian Science:
1879. Distinguish between Jesus (a man) and Christ (a divine
idea) cf. Gnosticism.
Jehovah's
Witnesses: 1884. Arian: Christ is unique but not divine,
identified with Michael the Archangel, the first created being.